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<title>George Chrystal</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Chrystal</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Scottish mathematician. For his son, Sir George Chrystal, see <a href="George_Chrystal_(civil_servant)" title="George Chrystal (civil servant)">George Chrystal (civil servant)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Chrystal</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="FRSE" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSE">FRSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">George Chrystal (1851–1911)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-03-08</span>)</span>8 March 1851<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Old_Meldrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Meldrum">Old Meldrum</a>, <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1911<span style="display:none">(1911-11-03)</span> (aged 60)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Foveran" title="Foveran">Foveran Churchyard</a>, <a href="Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Scottish, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a><br><a href="Peterhouse%2C_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Experimental verification of <a href="Ohm's_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a><br><a href="Chrystal's_equation" title="Chrystal's equation">Chrystal's equation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Anne Balfour (1870-1903 her death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1911)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Physicist" title="Physicist">Physicist</a> and <a href="Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a><br><a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><br><a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Joseph_Wedderburn" title="Joseph Wedderburn">Joseph Wedderburn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>George Chrystal</b> <a href="FRSE" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSE">FRSE</a> <a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (8 March 1851 – 3 November 1911) was a <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is primarily known for his books on algebra and his studies of <a href="Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</a> (wave patterns in large inland bodies of water) which earned him a Gold Medal from the <a href="Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> that was confirmed shortly after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>He was born in <a href="Old_Meldrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Meldrum">Old Meldrum</a> on 8 March 1851, the son of Margaret (née Burr) and William Chrystal, a wealthy farmer and <a href="Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain merchant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was educated at <a href="Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a> and the <a href="University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. In 1872, he moved to study under <a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> at <a href="Peterhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterhouse">Peterhouse</a>, <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. He graduated <a href="Second_Wrangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Wrangler">Second Wrangler</a> in 1875, joint with <a href="William_Burnside" title="William Burnside">William Burnside</a>, and was elected a fellow of <a href="Corpus_Christi_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed to the <a href="Regius_Chair_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Chair of Mathematics">Regius Chair of Mathematics</a> at the <a href="University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> in 1877, and then in 1879 to the Chair in Mathematics at the <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. In 1911, he was awarded the <a href="Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> for his researches into the surface oscillations of Scottish <a href="Loch" title="Loch">lochs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was a contributor to the drafting of the <a href="Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities (Scotland) Act 1889">Universities (Scotland) Act 1889</a>, and was one of the founders of the <a href="Edinburgh_Mathematical_Society" title="Edinburgh Mathematical Society">Edinburgh Mathematical Society</a>.

</p><p>He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> in 1880, his proposers including <a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. He was awarded the Society's <a href="Keith_Medal" title="Keith Medal">Keith Medal</a> for 1879-81 and their <a href="Gunning_Victoria_Jubilee_Prize" title="Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize">Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize</a> for the period 1904–8. He served as Vice President of the Society from 1895-1901 and General Secretary from 1901–1911.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with instigating the move of the Society from the Mound to George Street.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was awarded honorary doctorates (LLD) from the <a href="University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> in 1887 and the <a href="University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1911.

</p><p>In later life he is listed as living at 5 Belgrave Crescent in western Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The mathematician <a href="Alexander_G._Burgess" title="Alexander G. Burgess">Alexander G. Burgess</a> trained under him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He grew ill in 1909 and this worsened early in 1911, leading the University to grant him leave of absence from April of that year. A work-free summer did not improve him.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 3 November 1911<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 5 Belgrave Crescent in <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. He is buried in <a href="Foveran" title="Foveran">Foveran</a> Churchyard in <a href="Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div>

<p>He married Margaret Anne Balfour (1851-1903) in 1879. She died before him and is buried in the northern Victorian extension to <a href="Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a> with their son Walter MacDonald Chrystal who died in infancy. They had four sons and two daughters.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChrystal1999" class="citation book cs1">Chrystal, George (May 1999) [1886]. <i>Algebra: An Elementary Text-Book for the Higher Classes of Secondary Schools and for Colleges. (Volumes I & II)</i> (7 ed.). American Mathematical Society. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8218-1931-9</bdi>.</cite> (Out of copyright: 1900 and subsequent editions are available in reprint or online.)</li>

<li>Three articles within the 1911 edition of <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: Pascal, Blaise; Perpetual Motion; and Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnott1911" class="citation journal cs1">Knott, C. G. (9 November 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F088047b0">"obit. Prof. George Chrystal"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>88</b> (2193): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>49. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F088047b0">10.1038/088047b0</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Chrystal.html">"Chrystal biography"</a>. <i>www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFC_D_WaterstonA_Macmillan_Shearer2006" class="citation book cs1">C D Waterston; A Macmillan Shearer (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002: Part 1 (A–J)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>090219884X</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACADCHRL871G" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CHRL871G&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Chrystal, George (CHRL871G)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chrystal, George"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chrystal,_George">"Chrystal, George" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFC_D_WaterstonA_Macmillan_Shearer2006" class="citation book cs1">C D Waterston; A Macmillan Shearer (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002: Part 1 (A–J)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>090219884X</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary of George Chrystal:The Times, 4 November 1911</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Chrystal_RSE.html">"Chrystal and the RSE"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1890-1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1933" class="citation journal cs1">Comrie, Peter (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPEM%2FPEM2_3_04%2FS0013091500027395a.pdf&code=2e53e89d840c17f174f024857fd4885c">"Alexander G. Burgess, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S.E."</a> <i>Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 300. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0013091500027395">10.1017/S0013091500027395</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary of George Chrystal: The Scotsman, 4 November 1911</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb237-coll-172.pdf">"Home - Archives Hub"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Chrystal" class="extiw external" title="s:Author:George Chrystal">George Chrystal</a> at <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chrystal.html">"George Chrystal"</a>, <i><a href="MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite></li>

<li><i>Algebra: An Elementary Text-Book for the Higher Classes of Secondary Schools and for Colleges</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20544450M/Algebra_An_Elementary_Text-book_for_the_Higher_Classes_of_Secondary_Schools_and_for_Colleges">Volume I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algebra00unkngoog">Volume II</a></li></ul>

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